{ "schema": "bitcoin-canon.passages.v0", "text_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper", "canonical_title": "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", "short_title": "Satoshi", "author": "Satoshi Nakamoto", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "generated_from": "sources/raw/bitcoin-whitepaper-extracted.txt", "normalization": "Whitespace normalized from PDF extraction; raw PDF and raw extracted text are retained under sources/raw/ for verification.", "reference_scheme": "Satoshi {chapter}:{verse}; source: Whitepaper {section}:{passage}", "passage_count": 143, "passages": [ { "id": "wp-a-01", "ref": "Whitepaper A:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-02", "ref": "Whitepaper A:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-03", "ref": "Whitepaper A:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-04", "ref": "Whitepaper A:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-05", "ref": "Whitepaper A:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-06", "ref": "Whitepaper A:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-07", "ref": "Whitepaper A:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The network itself requires minimal structure.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-a-08", "ref": "Whitepaper A:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "abstract", "section_label": "Abstract", "section_number": null, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper A:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "Abstract", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi Abstract:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Commerce on the Internet has come to rely almost exclusively on financial institutions serving as trusted third parties to process electronic payments.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "While the system works well enough for most transactions, it still suffers from the inherent weaknesses of the trust based model.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Completely non-reversible transactions are not really possible, since financial institutions cannot avoid mediating disputes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The cost of mediation increases transaction costs, limiting the minimum practical transaction size and cutting off the possibility for small casual transactions, and there is a broader cost in the loss of ability to make non-reversible payments for non-reversible services.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "With the possibility of reversal, the need for trust spreads.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Merchants must be wary of their customers, hassling them for more information than they would otherwise need.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A certain percentage of fraud is accepted as unavoidable.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "These costs and payment uncertainties can be avoided in person by using physical currency, but no mechanism exists to make payments over a communications channel without a trusted party.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "What is needed is an electronic payment system based on cryptographic proof instead of trust, allowing any two willing parties to transact directly with each other without the need for a trusted third party.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-10", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:10", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 10, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Transactions that are computationally impractical to reverse would protect sellers from fraud, and routine escrow mechanisms could easily be implemented to protect buyers.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:10", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:10", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-11", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:11", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 11, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "In this paper, we propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer distributed timestamp server to generate computational proof of the chronological order of transactions.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:11", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:11", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-1-12", "ref": "Whitepaper 1:12", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "introduction", "section_label": "Introduction", "section_number": 1, "passage": 12, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than any cooperating group of attacker nodes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 1:12", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Trust Model", "canon_chapter_number": 1, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 1:12", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We define an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Each owner transfers the coin to the next by digitally signing a hash of the previous transaction and the public key of the next owner and adding these to the end of the coin.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A payee can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The problem of course is the payee can't verify that one of the owners did not double-spend the coin.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A common solution is to introduce a trusted central authority, or mint, that checks every transaction for double spending.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "After each transaction, the coin must be returned to the mint to issue a new coin, and only coins issued directly from the mint are trusted not to be double-spent.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The problem with this solution is that the fate of the entire money system depends on the company running the mint, with every transaction having to go through them, just like a bank.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We need a way for the payee to know that the previous owners did not sign any earlier transactions.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "For our purposes, the earliest transaction is the one that counts, so we don't care about later attempts to double-spend.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-10", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:10", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 10, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The only way to confirm the absence of a transaction is to be aware of all transactions.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:10", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:10", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-11", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:11", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 11, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "In the mint based model, the mint was aware of all transactions and decided which arrived first.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:11", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:11", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-12", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:12", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 12, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To accomplish this without a trusted party, transactions must be publicly announced [1], and we need a system for participants to agree on a single history of the order in which they were received.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:12", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:12", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-2-13", "ref": "Whitepaper 2:13", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "transactions", "section_label": "Transactions", "section_number": 2, "passage": 13, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The payee needs proof that at the time of each transaction, the majority of nodes agreed it was the first received.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 2:13", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Coin and the Double Spend", "canon_chapter_number": 2, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 2:13", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-3-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 3:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "timestamp-server", "section_label": "Timestamp Server", "section_number": 3, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The solution we propose begins with a timestamp server.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 3:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Chain of Time", "canon_chapter_number": 3, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 3:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-3-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 3:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "timestamp-server", "section_label": "Timestamp Server", "section_number": 3, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A timestamp server works by taking a hash of a block of items to be timestamped and widely publishing the hash, such as in a newspaper or Usenet post [2-5].", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 3:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Chain of Time", "canon_chapter_number": 3, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 3:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-3-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 3:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "timestamp-server", "section_label": "Timestamp Server", "section_number": 3, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The timestamp proves that the data must have existed at the time, obviously, in order to get into the hash.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 3:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Chain of Time", "canon_chapter_number": 3, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 3:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-3-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 3:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "timestamp-server", "section_label": "Timestamp Server", "section_number": 3, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Each timestamp includes the previous timestamp in its hash, forming a chain, with each additional timestamp reinforcing the ones before it.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 3:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Chain of Time", "canon_chapter_number": 3, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 3:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To implement a distributed timestamp server on a peer-to-peer basis, we will need to use a proof-of-work system similar to Adam Back's Hashcash [6], rather than newspaper or Usenet posts.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The proof-of-work involves scanning for a value that when hashed, such as with SHA-256, the hash begins with a number of zero bits.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The average work required is exponential in the number of zero bits required and can be verified by executing a single hash.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "For our timestamp network, we implement the proof-of-work by incrementing a nonce in the block until a value is found that gives the block's hash the required zero bits.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Once the CPU effort has been expended to make it satisfy the proof-of-work, the block cannot be changed without redoing the work.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the block would include redoing all the blocks after it.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The proof-of-work also solves the problem of determining representation in majority decision making.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If the majority were based on one-IP-address-one-vote, it could be subverted by anyone able to allocate many IPs.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Proof-of-work is essentially one-CPU-one-vote.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-10", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:10", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 10, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The majority decision is represented by the longest chain, which has the greatest proof-of-work effort invested in it.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:10", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:10", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-11", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:11", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 11, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If a majority of CPU power is controlled by honest nodes, the honest chain will grow the fastest and outpace any competing chains.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:11", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:11", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-12", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:12", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 12, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To modify a past block, an attacker would have to redo the proof-of-work of the block and all blocks after it and then catch up with and surpass the work of the honest nodes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:12", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:12", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-13", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:13", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 13, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We will show later that the probability of a slower attacker catching up diminishes exponentially as subsequent blocks are added.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:13", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:13", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-14", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:14", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 14, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To compensate for increasing hardware speed and varying interest in running nodes over time, the proof-of-work difficulty is determined by a moving average targeting an average number of blocks per hour.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:14", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:14", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-4-15", "ref": "Whitepaper 4:15", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "proof-of-work", "section_label": "Proof-of-Work", "section_number": 4, "passage": 15, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If they're generated too fast, the difficulty increases.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 4:15", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Work", "canon_chapter_number": 4, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 4:15", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The steps to run the network are as follows: 1)New transactions are broadcast to all nodes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ocr-review" }, { "id": "wp-5-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "2)Each node collects new transactions into a block.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ocr-review" }, { "id": "wp-5-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "3)Each node works on finding a difficult proof-of-work for its block.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ocr-review" }, { "id": "wp-5-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "4)When a node finds a proof-of-work, it broadcasts the block to all nodes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ocr-review" }, { "id": "wp-5-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "5)Nodes accept the block only if all transactions in it are valid and not already spent.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ocr-review" }, { "id": "wp-5-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "6)Nodes express their acceptance of the block by working on creating the next block in the chain, using the hash of the accepted block as the previous hash.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ocr-review" }, { "id": "wp-5-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Nodes always consider the longest chain to be the correct one and will keep working on extending it.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If two nodes broadcast different versions of the next block simultaneously, some nodes may receive one or the other first.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "In that case, they work on the first one they received, but save the other branch in case it becomes longer.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-10", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:10", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 10, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The tie will be broken when the next proof-of-work is found and one branch becomes longer; the nodes that were working on the other branch will then switch to the longer one.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:10", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:10", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-11", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:11", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 11, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "New transaction broadcasts do not necessarily need to reach all nodes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:11", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:11", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-12", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:12", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 12, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "As long as they reach many nodes, they will get into a block before long.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:12", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:12", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-13", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:13", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 13, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Block broadcasts are also tolerant of dropped messages.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:13", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:13", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-5-14", "ref": "Whitepaper 5:14", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "network", "section_label": "Network", "section_number": 5, "passage": 14, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If a node does not receive a block, it will request it when it receives the next block and realizes it missed one.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 5:14", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Gathering of Nodes", "canon_chapter_number": 5, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 5:14", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "By convention, the first transaction in a block is a special transaction that starts a new coin owned by the creator of the block.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "This adds an incentive for nodes to support the network, and provides a way to initially distribute coins into circulation, since there is no central authority to issue them.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The steady addition of a constant of amount of new coins is analogous to gold miners expending resources to add gold to circulation.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "In our case, it is CPU time and electricity that is expended.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The incentive can also be funded with transaction fees.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If the output value of a transaction is less than its input value, the difference is a transaction fee that is added to the incentive value of the block containing the transaction.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Once a predetermined number of coins have entered circulation, the incentive can transition entirely to transaction fees and be completely inflation free.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The incentive may help encourage nodes to stay honest.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If a greedy attacker is able to assemble more CPU power than all the honest nodes, he would have to choose between using it to defraud people by stealing back his payments, or using it to generate new coins.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-6-10", "ref": "Whitepaper 6:10", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "incentive", "section_label": "Incentive", "section_number": 6, "passage": 10, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "He ought to find it more profitable to play by the rules, such rules that favour him with more new coins than everyone else combined, than to undermine the system and the validity of his own wealth.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 6:10", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reward", "canon_chapter_number": 6, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 6:10", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Once the latest transaction in a coin is buried under enough blocks, the spent transactions before it can be discarded to save disk space.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To facilitate this without breaking the block's hash, transactions are hashed in a Merkle Tree [7][2][5], with only the root included in the block's hash.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Old blocks can then be compacted by stubbing off branches of the tree.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The interior hashes do not need to be stored.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A block header with no transactions would be about 80 bytes.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "If we suppose blocks are generated every 10 minutes, 80 bytes * 6 * 24 * 365 = 4.2MB per year.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-7-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 7:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "reclaiming-disk-space", "section_label": "Reclaiming Disk Space", "section_number": 7, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "With computer systems typically selling with 2GB of RAM as of 2008, and Moore's Law predicting current growth of 1.2GB per year, storage should not be a problem even if the block headers must be kept in memory.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 7:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Pruning", "canon_chapter_number": 7, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 7:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "It is possible to verify payments without running a full network node.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "A user only needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, which he can get by querying network nodes until he's convinced he has the longest chain, and obtain the Merkle branch linking the transaction to the block it's timestamped in.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "He can't check the transaction for himself, but by linking it to a place in the chain, he can see that a network node has accepted it, and blocks added after it further confirm the network has accepted it.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "As such, the verification is reliable as long as honest nodes control the network, but is more vulnerable if the network is overpowered by an attacker.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "While network nodes can verify transactions for themselves, the simplified method can be fooled by an attacker's fabricated transactions for as long as the attacker can continue to overpower the network.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "One strategy to protect against this would be to accept alerts from network nodes when they detect an invalid block, prompting the user's software to download the full block and alerted transactions to confirm the inconsistency.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-8-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 8:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "simplified-payment-verification", "section_label": "Simplified Payment Verification", "section_number": 8, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Businesses that receive frequent payments will probably still want to run their own nodes for more independent security and quicker verification.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 8:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Light Client", "canon_chapter_number": 8, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 8:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-9-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 9:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "combining-splitting-value", "section_label": "Combining and Splitting Value", "section_number": 9, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Although it would be possible to handle coins individually, it would be unwieldy to make a separate transaction for every cent in a transfer.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 9:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Splitting of Value", "canon_chapter_number": 9, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 9:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-9-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 9:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "combining-splitting-value", "section_label": "Combining and Splitting Value", "section_number": 9, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To allow value to be split and combined, transactions contain multiple inputs and outputs.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 9:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Splitting of Value", "canon_chapter_number": 9, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 9:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-9-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 9:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "combining-splitting-value", "section_label": "Combining and Splitting Value", "section_number": 9, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Normally there will be either a single input from a larger previous transaction or multiple inputs combining smaller amounts, and at most two outputs: one for the payment, and one returning the change, if any, back to the sender.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 9:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Splitting of Value", "canon_chapter_number": 9, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 9:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-9-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 9:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "combining-splitting-value", "section_label": "Combining and Splitting Value", "section_number": 9, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "It should be noted that fan-out, where a transaction depends on several transactions, and those transactions depend on many more, is not a problem here.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 9:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Splitting of Value", "canon_chapter_number": 9, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 9:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-9-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 9:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "combining-splitting-value", "section_label": "Combining and Splitting Value", "section_number": 9, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "There is never the need to extract a complete standalone copy of a transaction's history.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 9:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Splitting of Value", "canon_chapter_number": 9, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 9:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The traditional banking model achieves a level of privacy by limiting access to information to the parties involved and the trusted third party.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The necessity to announce all transactions publicly precludes this method, but privacy can still be maintained by breaking the flow of information in another place: by keeping public keys anonymous.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The public can see that someone is sending an amount to someone else, but without information linking the transaction to anyone.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "This is similar to the level of information released by stock exchanges, where the time and size of individual trades, the \"tape\", is made public, but without telling who the parties were.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "As an additional firewall, a new key pair should be used for each transaction to keep them from being linked to a common owner.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Some linking is still unavoidable with multi-input transactions, which necessarily reveal that their inputs were owned by the same owner.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-10-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 10:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "privacy", "section_label": "Privacy", "section_number": 10, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The risk is that if the owner of a key is revealed, linking could reveal other transactions that belonged to the same owner.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 10:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Veil", "canon_chapter_number": 10, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 10:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We consider the scenario of an attacker trying to generate an alternate chain faster than the honest chain.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Even if this is accomplished, it does not throw the system open to arbitrary changes, such as creating value out of thin air or taking money that never belonged to the attacker.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Nodes are not going to accept an invalid transaction as payment, and honest nodes will never accept a block containing them.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "An attacker can only try to change one of his own transactions to take back money he recently spent.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The race between the honest chain and an attacker chain can be characterized as a Binomial Random Walk.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The success event is the honest chain being extended by one block, increasing its lead by +1, and the failure event is the attacker's chain being extended by one block, reducing the gap by -1.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The probability of an attacker catching up from a given deficit is analogous to a Gambler's Ruin problem.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Suppose a gambler with unlimited credit starts at a deficit and plays potentially an infinite number of trials to try to reach breakeven.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We can calculate the probability he ever reaches breakeven, or that an attacker ever catches up with the honest chain, as follows [8]:", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-10", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:10", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 10, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "p = probability an honest node finds the next block\nq = probability the attacker finds the next block\nq_z = probability the attacker will ever catch up from z blocks behind\nq_z = 1 if p ≤ q\nq_z = (q/p)^z if p > q", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:10", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:10", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "formula", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-11", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:11", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 11, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Given our assumption that p > q, the probability drops exponentially as the number of blocks the attacker has to catch up with increases.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:11", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:11", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-12", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:12", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 12, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "With the odds against him, if he doesn't make a lucky lunge forward early on, his chances become vanishingly small as he falls further behind.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:12", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:12", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-13", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:13", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 13, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We now consider how long the recipient of a new transaction needs to wait before being sufficiently certain the sender can't change the transaction.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:13", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:13", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-14", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:14", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 14, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We assume the sender is an attacker who wants to make the recipient believe he paid him for a while, then switch it to pay back to himself after some time has passed.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:14", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:14", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-15", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:15", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 15, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The receiver will be alerted when that happens, but the sender hopes it will be too late.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:15", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:15", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-16", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:16", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 16, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The receiver generates a new key pair and gives the public key to the sender shortly before signing.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:16", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:16", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-17", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:17", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 17, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "This prevents the sender from preparing a chain of blocks ahead of time by working on it continuously until he is lucky enough to get far enough ahead, then executing the transaction at that moment.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:17", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:17", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-18", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:18", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 18, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Once the transaction is sent, the dishonest sender starts working in secret on a parallel chain containing an alternate version of his transaction.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:18", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:18", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-19", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:19", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 19, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The recipient waits until the transaction has been added to a block and z blocks have been linked after it. He doesn't know the exact amount of progress the attacker has made, but assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potential progress will be a Poisson distribution with expected value:\nλ = z·(q/p)", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:19", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:19", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "formula", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-20", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:20", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 20, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To get the probability the attacker could still catch up now, we multiply the Poisson density for each amount of progress he could have made by the probability he could catch up from that point:\n∑ (k=0…∞) [ λ^k · e^(−λ) / k! ] · [ (q/p)^(z−k) if k ≤ z ; 1 if k > z ]", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:20", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:20", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "formula", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-21", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:21", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 21, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Rearranging to avoid summing the infinite tail of the distribution...\n1 − ∑ (k=0…z) [ λ^k · e^(−λ) / k! ] · [ 1 − (q/p)^(z−k) ]", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:21", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:21", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "formula", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-22", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:22", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 22, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Converting to C code...\n#include \ndouble AttackerSuccessProbability(double q, int z)\n{\n double p = 1.0 - q;\n double lambda = z * (q / p);\n double sum = 1.0;\n int i, k;\n for (k = 0; k <= z; k++)\n {\n double poisson = exp(-lambda);\n for (i = 1; i <= k; i++)\n poisson *= lambda / i;\n sum -= poisson * (1 - pow(q / p, z - k));\n }\n return sum;\n}", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:22", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:22", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "code", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-23", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:23", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 23, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Running some results, we can see the probability drop off exponentially with z.\nq=0.1\nz=0 P=1.0000000\nz=1 P=0.2045873\nz=2 P=0.0509779\nz=3 P=0.0131722\nz=4 P=0.0034552\nz=5 P=0.0009137\nz=6 P=0.0002428\nz=7 P=0.0000647\nz=8 P=0.0000173\nz=9 P=0.0000046\nz=10 P=0.0000012\nq=0.3\nz=0 P=1.0000000\nz=5 P=0.1773523\nz=10 P=0.0416605\nz=15 P=0.0101008\nz=20 P=0.0024804\nz=25 P=0.0006132\nz=30 P=0.0001522\nz=35 P=0.0000379\nz=40 P=0.0000095\nz=45 P=0.0000024\nz=50 P=0.0000006", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:23", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:23", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "table", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-11-24", "ref": "Whitepaper 11:24", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "calculations", "section_label": "Calculations", "section_number": 11, "passage": 24, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Solving for P less than 0.1%...\nP < 0.001\nq=0.10 z=5\nq=0.15 z=8\nq=0.20 z=11\nq=0.25 z=15\nq=0.30 z=24\nq=0.35 z=41\nq=0.40 z=89\nq=0.45 z=340", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 11:24", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Reckoning", "canon_chapter_number": 11, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 11:24", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "verse_type": "table", "source_note": "math/code restored by hand against bitcoin.pdf (2026-06-10)", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-01", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 1, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We have proposed a system for electronic transactions without relying on trust.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-02", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 2, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "We started with the usual framework of coins made from digital signatures, which provides strong control of ownership, but is incomplete without a way to prevent double-spending.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-03", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 3, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "To solve this, we proposed a peer-to-peer network using proof-of-work to record a public history of transactions that quickly becomes computationally impractical for an attacker to change if honest nodes control a majority of CPU power.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-04", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 4, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "The network is robust in its unstructured simplicity.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-05", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 5, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Nodes work all at once with little coordination.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-06", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 6, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "They do not need to be identified, since messages are not routed to any particular place and only need to be delivered on a best effort basis.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-07", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 7, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-08", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 8, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "They vote with their CPU power, expressing their acceptance of valid blocks by working on extending them and rejecting invalid blocks by refusing to work on them.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-12-09", "ref": "Whitepaper 12:9", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "conclusion", "section_label": "Conclusion", "section_number": 12, "passage": 9, "tier": "core-canon", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "Any needed rules and incentives can be enforced with this consensus mechanism.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper 12:9", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "The Consensus", "canon_chapter_number": 12, "canon_ref": "Satoshi 12:9", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "primary-text-clean" }, { "id": "wp-r-01", "ref": "Whitepaper R:1", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 1, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[1]W. Dai, \"b-money,\" http://www.weidai.com/bmoney.txt, 1998.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:1", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:1", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-02", "ref": "Whitepaper R:2", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 2, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[2]H. Massias, X.S. Avila, and J.-J. Quisquater, \"Design of a secure timestamping service with minimal trust requirements,\" In 20th Symposium on Information Theory in the Benelux , May 1999.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:2", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:2", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-03", "ref": "Whitepaper R:3", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 3, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[3]S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, \"How to time-stamp a digital document,\" In Journal of Cryptology, vol 3, no 2, pages 99-111, 1991.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:3", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:3", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-04", "ref": "Whitepaper R:4", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 4, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[4]D. Bayer, S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, \"Improving the efficiency and reliability of digital time-stamping,\" In Sequences II: Methods in Communication, Security and Computer Science , pages 329-334, 1993.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:4", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:4", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-05", "ref": "Whitepaper R:5", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 5, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[5]S. Haber, W.S. Stornetta, \"Secure names for bit-strings,\" In Proceedings of the 4th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security , pages 28-35, April 1997.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:5", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:5", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-06", "ref": "Whitepaper R:6", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 6, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[6]A. Back, \"Hashcash - a denial of service counter-measure,\" http://www.hashcash.org/papers/hashcash.pdf, 2002.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:6", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:6", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-07", "ref": "Whitepaper R:7", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 7, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[7]R.C. Merkle, \"Protocols for public key cryptosystems,\" In Proc. 1980 Symposium on Security and Privacy, IEEE Computer Society, pages 122-133, April 1980.", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:7", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:7", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only" }, { "id": "wp-r-08", "ref": "Whitepaper R:8", "book": "Whitepaper", "section_id": "references", "section_label": "References", "section_number": null, "passage": 8, "tier": "source-apparatus", "source_id": "bitcoin-whitepaper-pdf", "source_url": "https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf", "text": "[8]W. Feller, \"An introduction to probability theory and its applications,\" 1957. 9", "source_ref": "Whitepaper R:8", "canon_book": "Satoshi", "canon_chapter": "References", "canon_chapter_number": null, "canon_ref": "Satoshi References:8", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim", "editorial_mode": "ledger-only", "source_note": "Provenance detail: complete-verbatim; bibliography entry; apparatus, not scripture; trailing '9' is a PDF page-number extraction artifact (text preserved as extracted)" } ], "canon_layer": { "book": "Satoshi", "note": "Canon refs are playful presentation aliases. source_ref remains the archival reference." }, "canon_title": "The Book of Satoshi", "source_integrity": "complete-verbatim" }